La identificación y análisis de los cambios de uso del suelo como factor ecológico y geográfico son fundamentales para entender cómo, dónde y cuánto se están afectando los recursos naturales, tal es el caso de la erosión del suelo que sin lugar a duda es uno de los problemas ambientales más importantes generados en los cambios de uso de suelo.
La erosión de los suelos no sólo tiene como consecuencia la pérdida de capacidad productiva del suelo erosionado, sino que los sedimentos generados tienen efectos en lugares fuera del sitio erosionado, dentro de estos efectos se destacan, la contaminación de cursos de agua, eutrofización de lagos y lagunas, embalses, etc. (FAO, 2019).
La complejidad de los factores que determinan el cambio de uso de suelo ha estimulado la generación de modelos globales, regionales y locales para diferentes escalas espaciales y temporales, con la finalidad de entender las causas y consecuencias de dichos cambios (Galicia et al., 2007).
Es necesario conocer el tipo de actividad a realizar en el cambio de uso de suelo, ya que gracias a ello podemos tomar medidas las cuales nos ayudan a mitigar o minimizar la erosión en los suelos con Gestión ambiental federal, estatal y municipal en Tijuana.
Es importante señalar que en la Ley General de Desarrollo Forestal Sustentable en el Artículo 93 señala que para conceder el cambio de uso de suelo en terrenos forestales es primordial que no se incremente la erosión del suelo o se mitiguen en las áreas afectadas por la remoción de la vegetación forestal (LGDFS, 2021).
Las obras y actividades de restauración de suelos, reforestación, protección y mantenimiento se realizan con el fin de rehabilitar ecosistemas forestales deteriorados, de controlar o evitar los procesos de degradación de estos y de recuperar parcial o totalmente las condiciones que propicien su persistencia y evolución (DOF, 2020).
El cambio en la configuración espacial del suelo modifica la distribución espacial de los recursos haciéndolos más frágiles, con consecuencias en el aumento de la erosión. Debido a lo anterior es necesario implementar medidas para la conservación de los suelos con Gestión ambiental federal, estatal y municipal en Tijuana. Esto requiere de una perspectiva profesional que analice los procesos de los cambios de uso del suelo con una visión centrada en su estructura espacial, para generar criterios espaciales para el manejo y la conservación de recursos naturales, utilizando técnicas adecuadas de Gestión ambiental federal, estatal y municipal en Tijuana que ayuden a la disminución en la erosión y la protección de ese servicio ecosistémico. Algunas de ellos son:
- Incrementar la rigurosidad del terreno. Controlar la escorrentía mediante zanjas de laderas, cultivos en contorno y utilizar franjas con vegetación densa.
- Plantar árboles en sitios estratégicos y que soliciten ser recuperados. A través de planes de reforestación organizados.
- Evitar la tala árboles en laderas empinadas.
- Recuperar las tierras que han sido minadas. Guarda la capa superior del suelo desnudo y devuélvela a la tierra. Una vez que el suelo está en su lugar, planta árboles y otras plantas para proteger el suelo desnudo.
- Usar barreras para prevenir la escorrentía y la erosión del suelo en sitios de construcción.
- Desarrollar materiales de pavimentación que absorban el agua y reduzcan la escorrentía.
- Restringir el uso de vehículos todo terreno, en especial en áreas con colinas.
- Proteger el suelo con cobertura vegetal y residuos de cultivos, lo cual disminuye la acción destructora de la lluvia sobre el suelo.
- Incrementar el contenido de materia orgánica, aplicar materiales orgánicos, tanto vegetales (residuos de cosechas) como animales (abonos).
- Mantener el contenido de materia orgánica en lugar de incrementarlo, ya que es un proceso lento.
- Realizar cultivos de cobertura, sistemas agrosilvopastoriles, reforestación, recuperación de pastizales degradados y aplicación de riego y fertilizantes (sin exceso) (Challenger 1998).
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